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2016 ; 11
(10
): 1533-1539
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Clearing the corpses: regulatory mechanisms, novel tools, and therapeutic
potential of harnessing microglial phagocytosis in the diseased brain
#MMPMID27904472
Diaz-Aparicio I
; Beccari S
; Abiega O
; Sierra A
Neural Regen Res
2016[Oct]; 11
(10
): 1533-1539
PMID27904472
show ga
Apoptosis is a widespread phenomenon that occurs in the brain in both
physiological and pathological conditions. Dead cells must be quickly removed to
avoid the further toxic effects they exert in the parenchyma, a process executed
by microglia, the brain professional phagocytes. Although phagocytosis is
critical to maintain tissue homeostasis, it has long been either overlooked or
indirectly assessed based on microglial morphology, expression of classical
activation markers, or engulfment of artificial phagocytic targets in vitro.
Nevertheless, these indirect methods present several limitations and, thus,
direct observation and quantification of microglial phagocytosis is still
necessary to fully grasp its relevance in the diseased brain. To overcome these
caveats and obtain a comprehensive, quantitative picture of microglial
phagocytosis we have developed a novel set of parameters. These parameters have
allowed us to identify the different strategies utilized by microglia to cope
with apoptotic challenges induced by excitotoxicity or inflammation. In contrast,
we discovered that in mouse and human epilepsy microglia failed to find and
engulf apoptotic cells, resulting in accumulation of debris and inflammation.
Herein, we advocate that the efficiency of microglial phagocytosis should be
routinely tested in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders, in order to
determine the extent to which it contributes to apoptosis and inflammation found
in these conditions. Finally, our findings point towards enhancing microglial
phagocytosis as a novel therapeutic strategy to control tissue damage and
inflammation, and accelerate recovery in brain diseases.