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2016 ; 7
(ä): 491
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High Endothelial Venules and Lymphatic Vessels in Tertiary Lymphoid Organs:
Characteristics, Functions, and Regulation
#MMPMID27881983
Ruddle NH
Front Immunol
2016[]; 7
(ä): 491
PMID27881983
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High endothelial venules (HEVs) and lymphatic vessels (LVs) are essential for the
function of the immune system, by providing communication between the body and
lymph nodes (LNs), specialized sites of antigen presentation and recognition.
HEVs bring in naïve and central memory cells and LVs transport antigen,
antigen-presenting cells, and lymphocytes in and out of LNs. Tertiary lymphoid
organs (TLOs) are accumulations of lymphoid and stromal cells that arise and
organize at ectopic sites in response to chronic inflammation in autoimmunity,
microbial infection, graft rejection, and cancer. TLOs are distinguished from
primary lymphoid organs - the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid
organs (SLOs) - the LNs, spleen, and Peyer's patches, in that they arise in
response to inflammatory signals, rather than in ontogeny. TLOs usually do not
have a capsule but are rather contained within the confines of another organ.
Their structure, cellular composition, chemokine expression, and vascular and
stromal support resemble SLOs and are the defining aspects of TLOs. T and B
cells, antigen-presenting cells, fibroblast reticular cells, and other stromal
cells and vascular elements including HEVs and LVs are all typical components of
TLOs. A key question is whether the HEVs and LVs play comparable roles and are
regulated similarly to those in LNs. Data are presented that support this
concept, especially with regard to TLO HEVs. Emerging data suggest that the
functions and regulation of TLO LVs are also similar to those in LNs. These
observations support the concept that TLOs are not merely cellular accumulations
but are functional entities that provide sites to generate effector cells, and
that their HEVs and LVs are crucial elements in those activities.
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