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2015 ; 2
(3
): 190-210
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Amyloid misfolding, aggregation, and the early onset of protein deposition
diseases: insights from AFM experiments and computational analyses
#MMPMID27830177
Lyubchenko YL
AIMS Mol Sci
2015[]; 2
(3
): 190-210
PMID27830177
show ga
The development of Alzheimer's disease is believed to be caused by the assembly
of amyloid ? proteins into aggregates and the formation of extracellular senile
plaques. Similar models suggest that structural misfolding and aggregation of
proteins are associated with the early onset of diseases such as Parkinson's,
Huntington's, and other protein deposition diseases. Initially, the aggregates
were structurally characterized by traditional techniques such as x-ray
crystallography, NMR, electron microscopy, and AFM. However, data regarding the
structures formed during the early stages of the aggregation process were
unknown. Experimental models of protein deposition diseases have demonstrated
that the small oligomeric species have significant neurotoxicity. This highlights
the urgent need to discover the properties of these species, to enable the
development of efficient diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The oligomers
exist transiently, making it impossible to use traditional structural techniques
to study their characteristics. The recent implementation of single-molecule
imaging and probing techniques that are capable of probing transient states have
enabled the properties of these oligomers to be characterized. Additionally,
powerful computational techniques capable of structurally analyzing oligomers at
the atomic level advanced our understanding of the amyloid aggregation problem.
This review outlines the progress in AFM experimental studies and computational
analyses with a primary focus on understanding the very first stage of the
aggregation process. Experimental approaches can aid in the development of novel
sensitive diagnostic and preventive strategies for protein deposition diseases,
and several examples of these approaches will be discussed.