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2016 ; 7
(1
): 1-11
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Innovative farmers and regulatory gatekeepers: Genetically modified crops
regulation and adoption in developing countries
#MMPMID26954893
Sinebo W
; Maredia K
GM Crops Food
2016[Jan]; 7
(1
): 1-11
PMID26954893
show ga
The regulation of genetically modified (GM) crops is a topical issue in
agriculture and environment over the past 2 decades. The objective of this paper
is to recount regulatory and adoption practices in some developing countries that
have successfully adopted GM crops so that aspiring countries may draw useful
lessons and best practices for their biosafatey regulatory regimes. The first 11
mega-GM crops growing countries each with an area of more than one million
hectares in 2014 were examined. Only five out of the 11 countries had smooth and
orderly adoption of these crops as per the regulatory requirement of each
country. In the remaining 6 countries (all developing countries), GM crops were
either introduced across borders without official authorization, released prior
to regulatory approval or unapproved seeds were sold along with the approved ones
in violation to the existing regulations. Rapid expansion of transgenic crops
over the past 2 decades in the developing world was a result of an intense desire
by farmers to adopt these crops irrespective of regulatory roadblocks. Lack of
workable biosafety regulatory system and political will to support GM crops
encouraged unauthorized access to GM crop varieties. In certain cases,
unregulated access in turn appeared to result in the adoption of substandard or
spurious technology which undermined performance and productivity. An optimal
interaction among the national agricultural innovation systems, biosafety
regulatory bodies, biotech companies and high level policy makers is vital in
making a workable regulated progress in the adoption of GM crops. Factoring
forgone opportunities to farmers to benefit from GM crops arising from
overregulation into biosafety risk analysis and decision making is suggested.
Building functional biosafety regulatory systems that balances the needs of
farmers to access and utilize the GM technology with the regulatory imperatives
to ensure adequate safety to the environment and human health is recommended.