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2016 ; 6
(ä): 33194
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Island building in the South China Sea: detection of turbidity plumes and
artificial islands using Landsat and MODIS data
#MMPMID27628096
Barnes BB
; Hu C
Sci Rep
2016[Sep]; 6
(ä): 33194
PMID27628096
show ga
The South China Sea is currently in a state of intense geopolitical conflict,
with six countries claiming sovereignty over some or all of the area. Recently,
several countries have carried out island building projects in the Spratly
Islands, converting portions of coral reefs into artificial islands. Aerial
photography and high resolution satellites can capture snapshots of this
construction, but such data are lacking in temporal resolution and spatial scope.
In contrast, lower resolution satellite sensors with regular repeat sampling
allow for more rigorous assessment and monitoring of changes to the reefs and
surrounding areas. Using Landsat-8 data at ?15-m resolution, we estimated that
over 15?km(2) of submerged coral reef area was converted to artificial islands
between June 2013 and December 2015, mostly by China. MODIS data at ?250-m
resolution were used to locate previously underreported island building
activities, as well as to assess resulting in-water turbidity plumes. The
combined spatial extent of observed turbidity plumes for island building
activities at Mischief, Subi, and Fiery Cross Reefs was over 4,300?km(2),
although nearly 40% of this area was only affected once. Together, these
activities represent widespread damage to coral ecosystems through physical
burial as well as indirect turbidity effects.