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2016 ; 8
(9
): 918-28
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Coordination of signaling and tissue mechanics during morphogenesis of murine
intestinal villi: a role for mitotic cell rounding
#MMPMID27476872
Freddo AM
; Shoffner SK
; Shao Y
; Taniguchi K
; Grosse AS
; Guysinger MN
; Wang S
; Rudraraju S
; Margolis B
; Garikipati K
; Schnell S
; Gumucio DL
Integr Biol (Camb)
2016[Sep]; 8
(9
): 918-28
PMID27476872
show ga
Efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients by the intestine requires a very
large apical surface area, a feature that is enhanced by the presence of villi,
fingerlike epithelial projections that extend into the lumen. Prior to villus
formation, the epithelium is a thick pseudostratified layer. In mice, villus
formation begins at embryonic day (E)14.5, when clusters of mesenchymal cells
form just beneath the thick epithelium. At this time, analysis of the flat
lumenal surface reveals a regular pattern of short apical membrane invaginations
that form in regions of the epithelium that lie in between the mesenchymal
clusters. Apical invaginations begin in the proximal intestine and spread
distally, deepening with time. Interestingly, mitotically rounded cells are
frequently associated with these invaginations. These mitotic cells are located
at the tips of the invaginating membrane (internalized within the epithelium),
rather than adjacent to the apical surface. Further investigation of epithelial
changes during membrane invagination reveals that epithelial cells located
between mesenchymal clusters experience a circumferential compression, as
epithelial cells above each cluster shorten and widen. Using a computational
model, we examined whether such forces are sufficient to cause apical
invaginations. Simulations and in vivo data reveal that proper apical membrane
invagination involves intraepithelial compressive forces, mitotic cell rounding
in the compressed regions and apico-basal contraction of the dividing cell.
Together, these data establish a new model that explains how signaling events
intersect with tissue forces to pattern apical membrane invaginations that define
the villus boundaries.