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.jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117 J+Pediatr+Genet
2014 ; 3
(3
): 141-5
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Pitt-Hopkins syndrome: Mental retardation, psychomotor and developmental delays
with facial dysmorphism
#MMPMID27625870
Avina Fierro JA
; Avina DA
J Pediatr Genet
2014[Sep]; 3
(3
): 141-5
PMID27625870
show ga
The Pitt-Hopkins syndrome is a very rare and severe genetic disease characterized
by mental retardation, psychomotor and developmental delays with facial
dysmorphism. It was first described in 1978 in patients with mental retardation
and crisis of intermittent hyperventilation. The genetic cause is
haploinsufficiency of the TCF4 (transcription factor 4) gene that affects the
neurodevelopment in both sexes; the majority of patients have spontaneous
molecular defects by point mutations or deletions in chromosome 18 at the region
18q21. The syndrome is characterized by neurological abnormalities that affect
the motor coordination and balance, in patients with mental and developmental
delays. The phenotype includes a peculiar face by specific craniofacial
anomalies: prominent square forehead, deep-set eyes with ocular hypertelorism;
prominent large nose beaked and broad flat nasal bridge; mouth wide and large,
thick fleshy lips, tented bow-shaped upper lip and everted lower lip; cup-shaped
ears with dysplastic broad overfolded helix. We review the literature and the
photographs of 44 published patients from 2007 to 2012, to resume the principal
features of craniofacial anomalies, attempting to delineate the syndrome
phenotype and score the specific dysmorphism than help to achieve the early
clinical diagnosis.