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10.1111/jeb.12718 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1111/jeb.12718 C5014177!5014177!26265100     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       J+Evol+Biol 2015 ; 28 (11): 1911-24 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=26265100|t=2015. Evolutionarily advanced ant farmers rear polyploid fungal crops |pdf=|usr=}}{{26265100}} gab.com Text Evolutionarily advanced ant farmers rear polyploid fungal crops JO: J Evol Biol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26265100 #FOAvip Innovative evolutionary developments are often related to gene or genome duplications. The crop fungi of attine fungus?growing ants are suspected to have enhanced genetic variation reminiscent of polyploidy, but this has never been quantified with cytological data and genetic markers. We estimated the number of nuclei per fungal cell for 42 symbionts reared by 14 species of Panamanian fungus?growing ants. This showed that domesticated symbionts of higher attine ants are polykaryotic with 7?17 nuclei per cell, whereas nonspecialized crops of lower attines are dikaryotic similar to most free?living basidiomycete fungi. We then investigated how putative higher genetic diversity is distributed across polykaryotic mycelia, using microsatellite loci and evaluating models assuming that all nuclei are either heterogeneously haploid or homogeneously polyploid. Genetic variation in the polykaryotic symbionts of the basal higher attine genera Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex was only slightly enhanced, but the evolutionarily derived crop fungi of Atta and Acromyrmex leaf?cutting ants had much higher genetic variation. Our opposite ploidy models indicated that the symbionts of Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex are likely to be lowly and facultatively polyploid (just over two haplotypes on average), whereas Atta and Acromyrmex symbionts are highly and obligatorily polyploid (ca. 5?7 haplotypes on average). This stepwise transition appears analogous to ploidy variation in plants and fungi domesticated by humans and in fungi domesticated by termites and plants, where gene or genome duplications were typically associated with selection for higher productivity, but allopolyploid chimerism was incompatible with sexual reproduction. Twit Text FOAVip Evolutionarily advanced ant farmers rear polyploid fungal crops ????J Evol Biol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26265100 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26265100 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|26265100}}</ref> Evolutionarily advanced ant farmers rear polyploid fungal crops #MMPMID26265100 Kooij PW; Aanen DK; Schiøtt M; Boomsma JJ J Evol Biol 2015[Nov]; 28 (11): 1911-24 PMID26265100show ga Innovative evolutionary developments are often related to gene or genome duplications. The crop fungi of attine fungus?growing ants are suspected to have enhanced genetic variation reminiscent of polyploidy, but this has never been quantified with cytological data and genetic markers. We estimated the number of nuclei per fungal cell for 42 symbionts reared by 14 species of Panamanian fungus?growing ants. This showed that domesticated symbionts of higher attine ants are polykaryotic with 7?17 nuclei per cell, whereas nonspecialized crops of lower attines are dikaryotic similar to most free?living basidiomycete fungi. We then investigated how putative higher genetic diversity is distributed across polykaryotic mycelia, using microsatellite loci and evaluating models assuming that all nuclei are either heterogeneously haploid or homogeneously polyploid. Genetic variation in the polykaryotic symbionts of the basal higher attine genera Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex was only slightly enhanced, but the evolutionarily derived crop fungi of Atta and Acromyrmex leaf?cutting ants had much higher genetic variation. Our opposite ploidy models indicated that the symbionts of Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex are likely to be lowly and facultatively polyploid (just over two haplotypes on average), whereas Atta and Acromyrmex symbionts are highly and obligatorily polyploid (ca. 5?7 haplotypes on average). This stepwise transition appears analogous to ploidy variation in plants and fungi domesticated by humans and in fungi domesticated by termites and plants, where gene or genome duplications were typically associated with selection for higher productivity, but allopolyploid chimerism was incompatible with sexual reproduction. äEvolutionarily advanced ant farmers rear polyploid fungal crops (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing