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2016 ; 73
(9
): 627-36
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Mortality differences between self-employed and paid employees: a 5-year
follow-up study of the working population in Sweden
#MMPMID27443155
Toivanen S
; Griep RH
; Mellner C
; Vinberg S
; Eloranta S
Occup Environ Med
2016[Sep]; 73
(9
): 627-36
PMID27443155
show ga
OBJECTIVES: Analyse mortality differences between self-employed and paid
employees with a focus on industrial sector, educational level and gender using
Swedish register data. METHODS: A cohort of the total working population
(4?776?135 individuals; 7.2% self-employed; 18-100?years of age at baseline 2003)
in Sweden with a 5-year follow-up (2004-2008) for all-cause and cause-specific
mortality (57?743 deaths). Self-employed individuals were categorised as sole
proprietors or limited liability company (LLC) owners according to their
enterprise's legal form. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to compare
mortality rates between sole proprietors, LLC owners and paid employees, adjusted
for sociodemographic confounders. RESULTS: Mortality from cardiovascular diseases
was 16% lower and from suicide 26% lower among LLC owners than among paid
employees, adjusted for confounders. Within the industrial category, all-cause
mortality was 13-15% lower among sole proprietors and LLC owners compared with
employees in manufacturing and mining (MM) as well as personal and cultural
services (PCS), and 11-20% higher in sole proprietors in trade, transport and
communication and the welfare industry (W). A significant three-way interaction
indicated 17-23% lower all-cause mortality among male LLC owners in MM and female
sole proprietors in PCS, and 50% higher mortality in female sole proprietors in W
than in employees in the same industries. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality differences
between self-employed individuals and paid employees vary by the legal form of
self-employment, across industries, and by gender. Differences in work
environment exposures and working conditions, varying market competition across
industries and gender segregation in the labour market are potential mechanisms
underlying these findings.
|*Employment/classification/statistics & numerical data
[MESH]