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2016 ; 11
(ä): 23-36
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Everolimus in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an
evidence-based review of its place in therapy
#MMPMID27621699
Buti S
; Leonetti A
; Dallatomasina A
; Bersanelli M
Core Evid
2016[]; 11
(ä): 23-36
PMID27621699
show ga
INTRODUCTION: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer
in adults, and its pathogenesis is strictly related to altered cellular response
to hypoxia, in which mTOR signaling pathway is implicated. Everolimus, an mTOR
serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, represents a therapeutic option for the
treatment of advanced RCC. AIM: The objective of this article is to review the
evidence for the treatment of metastatic RCC with everolimus. EVIDENCE REVIEW:
Everolimus was approved for second- and third-line therapy in patients with
advanced RCC according to the results of a Phase III pivotal trial that
demonstrated a benefit in median progression-free survival of ~2 months compared
to placebo after failure of previous lines of therapy, of which at least one was
an anti-VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). The role of this drug in
first-line setting has been investigated in Phase II trials, with no significant
clinical benefit, even in combination with bevacizumab. Everolimus activity in
non-clear cell RCC is supported by two randomized Phase II trials that confirmed
the benefit in second-line setting but not in first line. Recently, two
randomized Phase III trials (METEOR and CheckMate 025) demonstrated the
inferiority of everolimus in second-line setting compared to the TKI cabozantinib
and to the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab, respectively. Moreover, a
recent Phase II study demonstrated a significant benefit for the second-line
combination treatment with everolimus plus lenvatinib (a novel TKI) in terms of
progression-free survival and overall survival compared to the single-agent
everolimus. Basing on preclinical data, the main downstream effectors of mTOR
cascade, S6RP and its phosphorylated form, could be good predictive biomarkers of
response to everolimus. The safety profile of the drug is favorable, with a good
cost-effectiveness compared to second-line sorafenib or axitinib, and no
significant impact on the quality of life of treated patients has been found.
CONCLUSION: Everolimus still represents a current standard of treatment for RCC
progressive to previous treatment lines with VEGFR-TKI. The evidence about two
new molecules, cabozantinib and nivolumab, successfully tested head-to-head with
everolimus in recently published Phase III trials, will determine the shift of
everolimus to the third-line setting and subsequent lines of treatment.