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2016 ; 7
(ä): 342
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Development and Function of Secondary and Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in the Small
Intestine and the Colon
#MMPMID27656182
Buettner M
; Lochner M
Front Immunol
2016[]; 7
(ä): 342
PMID27656182
show ga
The immune system of the gut has evolved a number of specific lymphoid structures
that contribute to homeostasis in the face of microbial colonization and
food-derived antigenic challenge. These lymphoid organs encompass Peyer's patches
(PP) in the small intestine and their colonic counterparts that develop in a
programed fashion before birth. In addition, the gut harbors a network of
lymphoid tissues that is commonly designated as solitary intestinal lymphoid
tissues (SILT). In contrast to PP, SILT develop strictly after birth and consist
of a dynamic continuum of structures ranging from small cryptopatches (CP) to
large, mature isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF). Although the development of PP
and SILT follow similar principles, such as an early clustering of lymphoid
tissue inducer (LTi) cells and the requirement for lymphotoxin beta (LT?)
receptor-mediated signaling, the formation of CP and their further maturation
into ILF is associated with additional intrinsic and environmental signals.
Moreover, recent data also indicate that specific differences exist in the
regulation of ILF formation between the small intestine and the colon.
Importantly, intestinal inflammation in both mice and humans is associated with a
strong expansion of the lymphoid network in the gut. Recent experiments in mice
suggest that these structures, although they resemble large, mature ILF in
appearance, may represent de novo-induced tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO). While,
so far, it is not clear whether intestinal TLO contribute to the exacerbation of
inflammatory pathology, it has been shown that ILF provide the critical
microenvironment necessary for the induction of an effective host response upon
infection with enteric bacterial pathogens. Regarding the importance of ILF for
intestinal immunity, interfering with the development and maturation of these
lymphoid tissues may offer novel means for manipulating the immune response
during intestinal infection or inflammation.