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Anti-cancer effect of pristimerin by inhibition of HIF-1? involves the SPHK-1 pathway in hypoxic prostate cancer cells #MMPMID27581969
Lee SO; Kim JS; Lee MS; Lee HJ
BMC Cancer 2016[]; 16 (1): ä PMID27581969show ga
Background: Hypoxia is a typical character of locally advanced solid tumours. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1? (HIF-1?) is the main regulator under the hypoxic environment. HIF-1? regulates various genes to enhance tumour progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK-1) is a modulator of HIF-1?. Methods: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of pristimerin in association with SPHK-1 pathways in hypoxic PC-3 cancer cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, cell cycles, and SPHK-1 activity were measured, and western blotting, an MTT assay, and an RNA interference assay were performed. Results: Pristimerin inhibited HIF-1? accumulation in a concentration- and-time-dependent manner in hypoxic PC-3 cells. Pristimerin suppressed the expression of HIF-1? by inhibiting SPHK-1. Moreover, inhibiting SPHK-1 with a sphingosine kinase inhibitor enhanced the suppression of HIF-1?, phosphorylation AKT, and glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?) by pristimerin under hypoxia. Furthermore, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger enhanced the inhibition of HIF-1? and SPHK-1 by pristimerin. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that pristimerin can exert an anti-cancer activity by inhibiting HIF-1? through the SPHK-1 pathway. Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2730-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.