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Altered Type II Interferon Precedes Autoantibody Accrual and Elevated Type I Interferon Activity Prior to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Classification #MMPMID27088255
Munroe ME; Lu R; Zhao YD; Fife DA; Robertson JM; Guthridge JM; Niewold TB; Tsokos GC; Keith MP; Harley JB; James JA
Ann Rheum Dis 2016[Nov]; 75 (11): 2014-21 PMID27088255show ga
Objectives: The relationship of immune dysregulation and autoantibody production that may contribute to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis is unknown. This study evaluates the individual and combined contributions of autoantibodies, type I interferon (IFN-?) activity, and IFN-associated soluble mediators to disease development leading to SLE. Methods: Serial serum specimens from 55 individuals collected prior to SLE classification (average timespan = 4.3 years) and unaffected healthy controls matched by age (± 5 years), gender, race, and time of sample procurement were obtained from the Department of Defense Serum Repository. Levels of serum IFN-? activity, IFN-associated mediators, and autoantibodies were evaluated and temporal relationships assessed by growth curve modeling, path analysis, Analysis of Covariance, and random forest models. Results: In cases, but not matched controls, autoantibody specificities and IFN-associated mediators accumulated over a period of years, plateauing near the time of disease classification (p<0.001). Autoantibody positivity coincided with or followed type II IFN dysregulation, preceding IFN-? activity in growth curve models, with elevated IFN-? activity and BLyS levels occurring shortly before SLE classification (p?0.005). Cases were distinguished by multivariate random forest models incorporating IFN-?, MCP-3, anti-chromatin and anti-spliceosome antibodies (accuracy 93% > 4 years pre-classification; 97% within 2 years of SLE classification). Conclusions: Years before SLE classification, enhancement of the type II IFN pathway allows for accumulation of autoantibodies and subsequent elevations in IFN-? activity immediately preceding SLE classification. Perturbations in select immunological processes may help identify at-risk individuals for further clinical evaluation or participation in prospective intervention trials.