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2015 ; 80
(ä): 281-8
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Transposable Elements, Polydactyl Proteins, and the Genesis of Human-Specific
Transcription Networks
#MMPMID26763983
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Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol
2015[]; 80
(ä): 281-8
PMID26763983
show ga
Transposable elements (TEs) may account for up to two-thirds of the human genome,
and as genomic threats they are subjected to epigenetic control mechanisms
engaged from the earliest stages of embryonic development. We previously
determined that an important component of this process is the sequence-specific
recognition of TEs by KRAB (Krüppel-associated box)-containing zinc-finger
proteins (KRAB-ZFPs), a large family of tetrapod-restricted transcription factors
that act by recruiting inducers of heterochromatin formation and DNA methylation.
We further showed that KRAB-ZFPs and their cofactor KAP1 exert a marked influence
on the transcription dynamics of embryonic stem cells via their docking of
repressor complexes at TE-contained regulatory sequences. It is generally held
that, beyond this early embryonic period, TEs become permanently silenced, and
that the evolutionary selection of KRAB-ZFPs and other TE controllers is the
result of a simple evolutionary arms race between the host and these genetics
invaders. Here, I discuss recent evidence that invalidates this dual assumption
and instead suggests that KRAB-ZFPs are the instruments of a massive enterprise
of TE domestication, whereby transposon-based regulatory sequences and their
cellular ligands establish species-specific transcription regulation networks
that influence multiple aspects of human development and physiology.