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2016 ; 428
(10 Pt A
): 2091-119
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Deciphering the Structure and Function of Nuclear Pores Using Single-Molecule
Fluorescence Approaches
#MMPMID26944195
Musser SM
; Grünwald D
J Mol Biol
2016[May]; 428
(10 Pt A
): 2091-119
PMID26944195
show ga
Due to its central role in macromolecular trafficking and nucleocytoplasmic
information transfer, the nuclear pore complex (NPC) has been studied in great
detail using a wide spectrum of methods. Consequently, many aspects of its
architecture, general function, and role in the life cycle of a cell are well
understood. Over the last decade, fluorescence microscopy methods have enabled
the real-time visualization of single molecules interacting with and transiting
through the NPC, allowing novel questions to be examined with nanometer
precision. While initial single-molecule studies focused primarily on import
pathways using permeabilized cells, it has recently proven feasible to
investigate the export of mRNAs in living cells. Single-molecule assays can
address questions that are difficult or impossible to answer by other means, yet
the complexity of nucleocytoplasmic transport requires that interpretation be
based on a firm genetic, biochemical, and structural foundation. Moreover,
conceptually simple single-molecule experiments remain technically challenging,
particularly with regard to signal intensity, signal-to-noise ratio, and the
analysis of noise, stochasticity, and precision. We discuss nuclear transport
issues recently addressed by single-molecule microscopy, evaluate the limits of
existing assays and data, and identify open questions for future studies. We
expect that single-molecule fluorescence approaches will continue to be applied
to outstanding nucleocytoplasmic transport questions, and that the approaches
developed for NPC studies are extendable to additional complex systems and
pathways within cells.