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2010 ; 172
(3-4
): 183-94
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gab.com Text
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English Wikipedia
A protozoal-associated epizootic impacting marine wildlife: mass-mortality of
southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) due to Sarcocystis neurona infection
#MMPMID20615616
Miller MA
; Conrad PA
; Harris M
; Hatfield B
; Langlois G
; Jessup DA
; Magargal SL
; Packham AE
; Toy-Choutka S
; Melli AC
; Murray MA
; Gulland FM
; Grigg ME
Vet Parasitol
2010[Sep]; 172
(3-4
): 183-94
PMID20615616
show ga
During April 2004, 40 sick and dead southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
were recovered over 18km of coastline near Morro Bay, California. This event
represented the single largest monthly spike in mortality ever recorded during 30
years of southern sea otter stranding data collection. Because of the
point-source nature of the event and clinical signs consistent with severe, acute
neurological disease, exposure to a chemical or marine toxin was initially
considered. However, detailed postmortem examinations revealed lesions consistent
with an infectious etiology, and further investigation confirmed the protozoan
parasite Sarcocystis neurona as the underlying cause. Tissues from 94% of
examined otters were PCR-positive for S. neurona, based on DNA amplification and
sequencing at the ITS-1 locus, and 100% of tested animals (n=14) had elevated IgM
and IgG titers to S. neurona. Evidence to support the point-source character of
this event include the striking spatial and temporal clustering of cases and
detection of high concentrations of anti-S. neurona IgM in serum of stranded
animals. Concurrent exposure to the marine biotoxin domoic acid may have enhanced
susceptibility of affected otters to S. neurona and exacerbated the neurological
signs exhibited by stranded animals. Other factors that may have contributed to
the severity of this epizootic include a large rainstorm that preceded the event
and an abundance of razor clams near local beaches, attracting numerous otters
close to shore within the affected area. This is the first report of a localized
epizootic in marine wildlife caused by apicomplexan protozoa.