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2016 ; 226
(3
): 209-19
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The insect central complex as model for heterochronic brain
development-background, concepts, and tools
#MMPMID27056385
Koniszewski ND
; Kollmann M
; Bigham M
; Farnworth M
; He B
; Büscher M
; Hütteroth W
; Binzer M
; Schachtner J
; Bucher G
Dev Genes Evol
2016[Jun]; 226
(3
): 209-19
PMID27056385
show ga
The adult insect brain is composed of neuropils present in most taxa. However,
the relative size, shape, and developmental timing differ between species. This
diversity of adult insect brain morphology has been extensively described while
the genetic mechanisms of brain development are studied predominantly in
Drosophila melanogaster. However, it has remained enigmatic what cellular and
genetic mechanisms underlie the evolution of neuropil diversity or heterochronic
development. In this perspective paper, we propose a novel approach to study
these questions. We suggest using genome editing to mark homologous neural cells
in the fly D. melanogaster, the beetle Tribolium castaneum, and the Mediterranean
field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus to investigate developmental differences
leading to brain diversification. One interesting aspect is the heterochrony
observed in central complex development. Ancestrally, the central complex is
formed during embryogenesis (as in Gryllus) but in Drosophila, it arises during
late larval and metamorphic stages. In Tribolium, it forms partially during
embryogenesis. Finally, we present tools for brain research in Tribolium
including 3D reconstruction and immunohistochemistry data of first instar brains
and the generation of transgenic brain imaging lines. Further, we characterize
reporter lines labeling the mushroom bodies and reflecting the expression of the
neuroblast marker gene Tc-asense, respectively.