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2016 ; 38
(4
): 471-82
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The host immune response in respiratory virus infection: balancing virus
clearance and immunopathology
#MMPMID26965109
Newton AH
; Cardani A
; Braciale TJ
Semin Immunopathol
2016[Jul]; 38
(4
): 471-82
PMID26965109
show ga
The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the external environment, and
therefore, must be equipped to respond to and eliminate pathogens. Viral
clearance and resolution of infection requires a complex, multi-faceted response
initiated by resident respiratory tract cells and innate immune cells and
ultimately resolved by adaptive immune cells. Although an effective immune
response to eliminate viral pathogens is essential, a prolonged or exaggerated
response can damage the respiratory tract. Immune-mediated pulmonary damage is
manifested clinically in a variety of ways depending on location and extent of
injury. Thus, the antiviral immune response represents a balancing act between
the elimination of virus and immune-mediated pulmonary injury. In this review, we
highlight major components of the host response to acute viral infection and
their role in contributing to mitigating respiratory damage. We also briefly
describe common clinical manifestations of respiratory viral infection and
morphological correlates. The continuing threat posed by pandemic influenza as
well as the emergence of novel respiratory viruses also capable of producing
severe acute lung injury such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and enterovirus D68,
highlights the need for an understanding of the immune mechanisms that contribute
to virus elimination and immune-mediated injury.