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2016 ; 28
(2
): 146-52
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How to diagnose and manage hepatic encephalopathy: a consensus statement on roles
and responsibilities beyond the liver specialist
#MMPMID26600154
Shawcross DL
; Dunk AA
; Jalan R
; Kircheis G
; de Knegt RJ
; Laleman W
; Ramage JK
; Wedemeyer H
; Morgan IE
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol
2016[Feb]; 28
(2
): 146-52
PMID26600154
show ga
INTRODUCTION: Hepatic encephalopathy is defined as brain dysfunction caused by
liver insufficiency and/or portosystemic shunting. Symptoms include nonspecific
cognitive impairment, personality changes and changes in consciousness. Overt
(symptomatic) hepatic encephalopathy is a common complication of cirrhosis that
is associated with a poor prognosis. Patients with hepatic encephalopathy may
present to healthcare providers who do not have primary responsibility for
management of patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, we developed a series of
'consensus points' to provide some guidance on management. METHODS: Using a
modified 'Delphi' process, consensus statements were developed that summarize our
recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with hepatic
encephalopathy. Points on which full consensus could not be reached are also
discussed. RESULTS: Our recommendations emphasize the role of all healthcare
providers in the identification of cognitive impairment in patients with
cirrhosis and provide guidance on steps that might be considered to make a
diagnosis of overt hepatic encephalopathy. In addition, treatment recommendations
are summarized. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy can have a significant impact on
patients; however, in most circumstances identification and management of minimal
hepatic encephalopathy remains the responsibility of specialists in liver
diseases. CONCLUSION: Our opinion statements aim to define the roles and
responsibilities of all healthcare providers who at times care for patients with
cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. We suggest that these recommendations be
considered further by colleagues in other disciplines and hope that future
guidelines consider the management of patients with cirrhosis and with a
'suspicion' of cognitive impairment through to a formal diagnosis of hepatic
encephalopathy.