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Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 243.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Clin+Cancer+Res 2016 ; 22 (7): 1559-64 Nephropedia Template TP
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Molecular Pathways: Breaking the Epithelial Cancer Barrier for Chimeric Antigen Receptor and T-cell Receptor Gene Therapy #MMPMID27037253
Hinrichs CS
Clin Cancer Res 2016[Apr]; 22 (7): 1559-64 PMID27037253show ga
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically engineered to express a tumor-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or T cell receptor (CAR) can mediate cancer regression in some patients. CARs are synthetic single chain proteins that employ antibody domains to target cell surface antigens. TCRs are natural heterodimeric proteins that can target intracellular antigens through recognition of peptides bound to human leukocyte antigens. CARs have shown promise in B cell malignancies and TCRs in melanoma, but neither approach has achieved clear success in an epithelial cancer. Treatment of epithelial cancers may be particularly challenging because of a paucity of target antigens expressed by carcinomas and not by important healthy tissues. In addition, epithelial cancers may be protected by inhibitory ligands and soluble factors in the tumor microenvironment. One strategy to overcome these negative regulators is to modulate expression of T cell genes to enhance intrinsic T cell function. Programmable nucleases, which can suppress inhibitory genes, and inducible gene expression systems, which can enhance stimulatory genes are entering clinical testing. Other work is delineating whether control of genes for immune checkpoint receptors (e.g. PDCD1, CTLA4), and cytokine and TCR signaling regulators (e.g. CBLB, CISH, IL12, IL15) can increase the anti-tumor activity of therapeutic T cells.