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2016 ; 7
(2
): 206-22
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High mobility group protein 1: A collaborator in nucleosome dynamics and
estrogen-responsive gene expression
#MMPMID27247709
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World J Biol Chem
2016[May]; 7
(2
): 206-22
PMID27247709
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High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional protein that interacts
with DNA and chromatin to influence the regulation of transcription, DNA
replication and repair and recombination. We show that HMGB1 alters the structure
and stability of the canonical nucleosome (N) in a nonenzymatic, adenosine
triphosphate-independent manner. As a result, the canonical nucleosome is
converted to two stable, physically distinct nucleosome conformers. Although
estrogen receptor (ER) does not bind to its consensus estrogen response element
within a nucleosome, HMGB1 restructures the nucleosome to facilitate strong ER
binding. The isolated HMGB1-restructured nucleosomes (N' and N'') remain stable
and exhibit a number of characteristics that are distinctly different from the
canonical nucleosome. These findings complement previous studies that showed (1)
HMGB1 stimulates in vivo transcriptional activation at estrogen response elements
and (2) knock down of HMGB1 expression by siRNA precipitously reduced
transcriptional activation. The findings indicate that a major facet of the
mechanism of HMGB1 action involves a restructuring of aspects of the nucleosome
that appear to relax structural constraints within the nucleosome. The findings
are extended to reveal the differences between ER and the other steroid hormone
receptors. A working proposal outlines mechanisms that highlight the multiple
facets that HMGB1 may utilize in restructuring the nucleosome.