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2016 ; 24
(6
): 477-489
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Dancing with the Stars: How Choreographed Bacterial Interactions Dictate
Nososymbiocity and Give Rise to Keystone Pathogens, Accessory Pathogens, and
Pathobionts
#MMPMID26968354
Hajishengallis G
; Lamont RJ
Trends Microbiol
2016[Jun]; 24
(6
): 477-489
PMID26968354
show ga
Many diseases that originate on mucosal membranes ensue from the action of
polymicrobial communities of indigenous organisms working in concert to disrupt
homeostatic mechanisms. Multilevel physical and chemical communication systems
among constituent organisms underlie polymicrobial synergy and dictate the
community's pathogenic potential or nososymbiocity, that is, disease arising from
living together with a susceptible host. Functional specialization of community
participants, often originating from metabolic codependence, has given rise to
several newly appreciated designations within the commensal-to-pathogen spectrum.
Accessory pathogens, while inherently commensal in a particular microenvironment,
nonetheless enhance the colonization or metabolic activity of pathogens. Keystone
pathogens (bacterial drivers or alpha-bugs) exert their influence at low
abundance by modulating both the composition and levels of community participants
and by manipulating host responses. Pathobionts (or bacterial passengers) exploit
disrupted host homeostasis to flourish and promote inflammatory disease. In this
review we discuss how commensal or pathogenic properties of organisms are not
intrinsic features, and have to be considered within the context of both the
microbial community in which they reside and the host immune status.