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10.1098/rspb.2016.0429 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429 C4874715!4874715!27170723     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Proc+Biol+Sci 2016 ; 283 (1830): ä Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=27170723|t=2016. How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration |pdf=|usr=}}{{27170723}} gab.com Text How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration JO: Proc Biol Sci http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=27170723 #FOAvip The coloration of flowers is due to the wavelength-selective absorption by pigments of light backscattered by structures inside the petals. We investigated the optical properties of flowers using (micro)spectrophotometry and anatomical methods. To assess the contribution of different structures to the overall visual signal of flowers, we used an optical model, where a petal is considered as a stack of differently pigmented and structured layers and we interpreted the visual signals of the model petals with insect vision models. We show that the reflectance depends, in addition to the pigmentation, on the petal's thickness and the inhomogeneity of its interior. We find large between-species differences in floral pigments, pigment concentration and localization, as well as floral interior structure. The fractions of reflected and transmitted light are remarkably similar between the studied species, suggesting common selective pressures of pollinator visual systems. Our optical model highlights that pigment localization crucially determines the efficiency of pigmentary filtering and thereby the chromatic contrast and saturation of the visual signal. The strongest visual signal occurs with deposition of pigments only on the side of viewing. Our systematic approach and optical modelling open new perspectives on the virtues of flower colour. Twit Text FOAVip How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration ????Proc Biol Sci http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=27170723 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=27170723 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|27170723}}</ref> How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration #MMPMID27170723 van der Kooi CJ; Elzenga JTM; Staal M; Stavenga DG Proc Biol Sci 2016[May]; 283 (1830): ä PMID27170723show ga The coloration of flowers is due to the wavelength-selective absorption by pigments of light backscattered by structures inside the petals. We investigated the optical properties of flowers using (micro)spectrophotometry and anatomical methods. To assess the contribution of different structures to the overall visual signal of flowers, we used an optical model, where a petal is considered as a stack of differently pigmented and structured layers and we interpreted the visual signals of the model petals with insect vision models. We show that the reflectance depends, in addition to the pigmentation, on the petal's thickness and the inhomogeneity of its interior. We find large between-species differences in floral pigments, pigment concentration and localization, as well as floral interior structure. The fractions of reflected and transmitted light are remarkably similar between the studied species, suggesting common selective pressures of pollinator visual systems. Our optical model highlights that pigment localization crucially determines the efficiency of pigmentary filtering and thereby the chromatic contrast and saturation of the visual signal. The strongest visual signal occurs with deposition of pigments only on the side of viewing. Our systematic approach and optical modelling open new perspectives on the virtues of flower colour. äHow to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing