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2016 ; 1365
(ä): 243-61
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Actin-Dynamics in Plant Cells: The Function of Actin-Perturbing Substances:
Jasplakinolide, Chondramides, Phalloidin, Cytochalasins, and Latrunculins
#MMPMID26498789
Holzinger A
; Blaas K
Methods Mol Biol
2016[]; 1365
(ä): 243-61
PMID26498789
show ga
This chapter gives an overview of the most common F-actin-perturbing substances
that are used to study actin dynamics in living plant cells in studies on
morphogenesis, motility, organelle movement, or when apoptosis has to be induced.
These substances can be divided into two major subclasses: F-actin-stabilizing
and -polymerizing substances like jasplakinolide and chondramides and
F-actin-severing compounds like chytochalasins and latrunculins. Jasplakinolide
was originally isolated form a marine sponge, and can now be synthesized and has
become commercially available, which is responsible for its wide distribution as
membrane-permeable F-actin-stabilizing and -polymerizing agent, which may even
have anticancer activities. Cytochalasins, derived from fungi, show an
F-actin-severing function and many derivatives are commercially available (A, B,
C, D, E, H, J), also making it a widely used compound for F-actin disruption. The
same can be stated for latrunculins (A, B), derived from red sea sponges; however
the mode of action is different by binding to G-actin and inhibiting
incorporation into the filament. In the case of swinholide a stable complex with
actin dimers is formed resulting also in severing of F-actin. For influencing
F-actin dynamics in plant cells only membrane permeable drugs are useful in a
broad range. We however introduce also the phallotoxins and synthetic
derivatives, as they are widely used to visualize F-actin in fixed cells. A
particular uptake mechanism has been shown for hepatocytes, but has also been
described in siphonal giant algae. In the present chapter the focus is set on
F-actin dynamics in plant cells where alterations in cytoplasmic streaming can be
particularly well studied; however methods by fluorescence applications including
phalloidin and antibody staining as well as immunofluorescence-localization of
the inhibitor drugs are given.