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2016 ; 11
(5
): e0154709
Nephropedia Template TP
PLoS One
2016[]; 11
(5
): e0154709
PMID27152413
show ga
In vitro cultured endothelial cells forming a continuous monolayer establish
stable cell-cell contacts and acquire a "resting" phenotype; on the other hand,
when growing in sparse conditions these cells acquire a migratory phenotype and
invade the empty area of the culture. Culturing cells in different conditions, we
compared expression and clustering of proteolytic enzymes in cells having
migratory versus stationary behavior. In order to observe resting and migrating
cells in the same microscopic field, a continuous cell monolayer was wounded.
Increased expression of proteolytic enzymes was evident in cell membranes of
migrating cells especially at sprouting sites and in shed membrane vesicles.
Gelatin zymography and western blotting analyses confirmed that in migrating
cells, expression of membrane-bound and of vesicle-associated proteolytic enzymes
are increased. The enzymes concerned include MMP-2, MMP-9, MT1-MMP, seprase, DPP4
(DiPeptidyl Peptidase 4) and uPA. Shed membrane vesicles were shown to exert
degradative activity on ECM components and produce substrates facilitating cell
migration. Vesicles shed by migrating cells degraded ECM components at an
increased rate; as a result their effect on cell migration was amplified.
Inhibiting either Matrix Metallo Proteases (MMPs) or Serine Integral Membrane
Peptidases (SIMPs) caused a decrease in the stimulatory effect of vesicles,
inhibiting the spontaneous migratory activity of cells; a similar result was also
obtained when a monoclonal antibody acting on DPP4 was tested. We conclude that
proteolytic enzymes have a synergistic stimulatory effect on cell migration and
that their clustering probably facilitates the proteolytic activation cascades
needed to produce maximal degradative activity on cell substrates during the
angiogenic process.