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2016 ; 64
(3
): 223-37
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Efficient DNP NMR of membrane proteins: sample preparation protocols,
sensitivity, and radical location
#MMPMID26873390
Liao SY
; Lee M
; Wang T
; Sergeyev IV
; Hong M
J Biomol NMR
2016[Mar]; 64
(3
): 223-37
PMID26873390
show ga
Although dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has dramatically enhanced solid-state
NMR spectral sensitivities of many synthetic materials and some biological
macromolecules, recent studies of membrane-protein DNP using exogenously doped
paramagnetic radicals as polarizing agents have reported varied and sometimes
surprisingly limited enhancement factors. This motivated us to carry out a
systematic evaluation of sample preparation protocols for optimizing the
sensitivity of DNP NMR spectra of membrane-bound peptides and proteins at
cryogenic temperatures of ~110 K. We show that mixing the radical with the
membrane by direct titration instead of centrifugation gives a significant boost
to DNP enhancement. We quantify the relative sensitivity enhancement between
AMUPol and TOTAPOL, two commonly used radicals, and between deuterated and
protonated lipid membranes. AMUPol shows ~fourfold higher sensitivity enhancement
than TOTAPOL, while deuterated lipid membrane does not give net higher
sensitivity for the membrane peptides than protonated membrane. Overall, a ~100
fold enhancement between the microwave-on and microwave-off spectra can be
achieved on lipid-rich membranes containing conformationally disordered peptides,
and absolute sensitivity gains of 105-160 can be obtained between low-temperature
DNP spectra and high-temperature non-DNP spectra. We also measured the
paramagnetic relaxation enhancement of lipid signals by TOTAPOL and AMUPol, to
determine the depths of these two radicals in the lipid bilayer. Our data
indicate a bimodal distribution of both radicals, a surface-bound fraction and a
membrane-bound fraction where the nitroxides lie at ~10 Å from the membrane
surface. TOTAPOL appears to have a higher membrane-embedded fraction than AMUPol.
These results should be useful for membrane-protein solid-state NMR studies under
DNP conditions and provide insights into how biradicals interact with
phospholipid membranes.
|*Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular/methods
[MESH]