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2016 ; 212
(7
): 861-75
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Smoothened determines ?-arrestin-mediated removal of the G protein-coupled
receptor Gpr161 from the primary cilium
#MMPMID27002170
Pal K
; Hwang SH
; Somatilaka B
; Badgandi H
; Jackson PK
; DeFea K
; Mukhopadhyay S
J Cell Biol
2016[Mar]; 212
(7
): 861-75
PMID27002170
show ga
Dynamic changes in membrane protein composition of the primary cilium are central
to development and homeostasis, but we know little about mechanisms regulating
membrane protein flux. Stimulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway in
vertebrates results in accumulation and activation of the effector Smoothened
within cilia and concomitant disappearance of a negative regulator, the orphan G
protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Gpr161. Here, we describe a two-step process
determining removal of Gpr161 from cilia. The first step involves ?-arrestin
recruitment by the signaling competent receptor, which is facilitated by the GPCR
kinase Grk2. An essential factor here is the ciliary trafficking and activation
of Smoothened, which by increasing Gpr161-?-arrestin binding promotes Gpr161
removal, both during resting conditions and upon Shh pathway activation. The
second step involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which functions outside of
the ciliary compartment in coordinating Gpr161 removal. Mechanisms determining
dynamic compartmentalization of Gpr161 in cilia define a new paradigm for
down-regulation of GPCRs during developmental signaling from a specialized
subcellular compartment.