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2016 ; 228
(4
): 686-99
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The hominins: a very conservative tribe? Last common ancestors, plasticity and
ecomorphology in Hominidae Or, What s in a name?
#MMPMID26729562
Crompton RH
J Anat
2016[Apr]; 228
(4
): 686-99
PMID26729562
show ga
In the early 20th century the dominant paradigm for the ecological context of the
origins of human bipedalism was arboreal suspension. In the 1960s, however, with
recognition of the close genetic relationship of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos,
and with the first field studies of mountain gorillas and common chimpanzees, it
was assumed that locomotion similar to that of common chimpanzees and mountain
gorillas, which appeared to be dominated by terrestrial knuckle-walking, must
have given rise to human bipedality. This paradigm has been popular, if not
universally dominant, until very recently. However, evidence that neither the
knuckle-walking or vertical climbing of these apes is mechanically similar to
human bipedalism, as well as the hand-assisted bipedality and orthograde
clambering of orang-utans, has cast doubt on this paradigm. It now appears that
the dominance of terrestrial knuckle-walking in mountain gorillas is an artefact
seen only in the extremes of their range, and that both mountain and lowland
gorillas have a generalized orthogrady similar to that seen in orang-utans. These
data, together with evidence for continued arboreal competence in humans, mesh
well with an increasing weight of fossil evidence suggesting that a mix of
orang-utan and gorilla-like arboreal locomotion and upright terrestrial
bipedalism characterized most australopiths. The late split date of the panins,
corresponding to dates for separation of Homo and Australopithecus, leads to the
speculation that competition with chimpanzees, as appears to exist today with
gorillas, may have driven ecological changes in hominins and perhaps
cladogenesis. However, selection for ecological plasticity and morphological
conservatism is a core characteristic of Hominidae as a whole, including
Hominini.