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2016 ; 113
(11
): 2880-5
Nephropedia Template TP
gab.com Text
Twit Text FOAVip
Twit Text #
English Wikipedia
Continued emissions of carbon tetrachloride from the United States nearly two
decades after its phaseout for dispersive uses
#MMPMID26929368
Hu L
; Montzka SA
; Miller BR
; Andrews AE
; Miller JB
; Lehman SJ
; Sweeney C
; Miller SM
; Thoning K
; Siso C
; Atlas EL
; Blake DR
; de Gouw J
; Gilman JB
; Dutton G
; Elkins JW
; Hall B
; Chen H
; Fischer ML
; Mountain ME
; Nehrkorn T
; Biraud SC
; Moore FL
; Tans P
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2016[Mar]; 113
(11
): 2880-5
PMID26929368
show ga
National-scale emissions of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) are derived based on
inverse modeling of atmospheric observations at multiple sites across the United
States from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's flask air
sampling network. We estimate an annual average US emission of 4.0 (2.0-6.5) Gg
CCl4 y(-1) during 2008-2012, which is almost two orders of magnitude larger than
reported to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory
(TRI) (mean of 0.06 Gg y(-1)) but only 8% (3-22%) of global CCl4 emissions during
these years. Emissive regions identified by the observations and consistently
shown in all inversion results include the Gulf Coast states, the San Francisco
Bay Area in California, and the Denver area in Colorado. Both the
observation-derived emissions and the US EPA TRI identified Texas and Louisiana
as the largest contributors, accounting for one- to two-thirds of the US national
total CCl4 emission during 2008-2012. These results are qualitatively consistent
with multiple aircraft and ship surveys conducted in earlier years, which
suggested significant enhancements in atmospheric mole fractions measured near
Houston and surrounding areas. Furthermore, the emission distribution derived for
CCl4 throughout the United States is more consistent with the distribution of
industrial activities included in the TRI than with the distribution of other
potential CCl4 sources such as uncapped landfills or activities related to
population density (e.g., use of chlorine-containing bleach).