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2016 ; 90
(7
): 3458-68
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Acidianus Tailed Spindle Virus: a New Archaeal Large Tailed Spindle Virus
Discovered by Culture-Independent Methods
#MMPMID26763997
Hochstein RA
; Amenabar MJ
; Munson-McGee JH
; Boyd ES
; Young MJ
J Virol
2016[Jan]; 90
(7
): 3458-68
PMID26763997
show ga
The field of viral metagenomics has expanded our understanding of viral diversity
from all three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya). Traditionally,
viral metagenomic studies provide information about viral gene content but rarely
provide knowledge about virion morphology and/or cellular host identity. Here we
describe a new virus, Acidianus tailed spindle virus (ATSV), initially identified
by bioinformatic analysis of viral metagenomic data sets from a high-temperature
(80°C) acidic (pH 2) hot spring located in Yellowstone National Park, followed by
more detailed characterization using only environmental samples without
dependency on culturing. Characterization included the identification of the
large tailed spindle virion morphology, determination of the complete 70.8-kb
circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viral genome content, and identification of
its cellular host. Annotation of the ATSV genome revealed a potential
three-domain gene product containing an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain,
followed by a likely posttranslation regulatory region consisting of high serine
and threonine content, and a C-terminal ESCRT-III domain, suggesting interplay
with the host ESCRT system. The host of ATSV, which is most closely related to
Acidianus hospitalis, was determined by a combination of analysis of cellular
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas loci and
dual viral and cellular fluorescence in situ hybridization (viral FISH) analysis
of environmental samples and confirmed by culture-based infection studies. This
work provides an expanded pathway for the discovery, isolation, and
characterization of new viruses using culture-independent approaches and provides
a platform for predicting and confirming virus hosts. IMPORTANCE: Virus discovery
and characterization have been traditionally accomplished by using culture-based
methods. While a valuable approach, it is limited by the availability of
culturable hosts. In this research, we report a virus-centered approach to virus
discovery and characterization, linking viral metagenomic sequences to a virus
particle, its sequenced genome, and its host directly in environmental samples,
without using culture-dependent methods. This approach provides a pathway for the
discovery, isolation, and characterization of new viruses. While this study used
an acidic hot spring environment to characterize a new archaeal virus, Acidianus
tailed spindle virus (ATSV), the approach can be generally applied to any
environment to expand knowledge of virus diversity in all three domains of life.