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2016 ; 11
(3
): e0151028
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The Impact of Emotions and Empathy-Related Traits on Punishment Behavior:
Introduction and Validation of the Inequality Game
#MMPMID26978065
Klimecki OM
; Vuilleumier P
; Sander D
PLoS One
2016[]; 11
(3
): e0151028
PMID26978065
show ga
In the prevention and resolution of conflicts in social contexts, an important
step is to understand how different emotions and empathic traits are linked to
punishment behaviors. Unfortunately, few paradigms exist to study these
phenomena. Here, we developed the Inequality Game (IG) as an economic and verbal
interaction paradigm in which participants are faced with an "unfair other" as
opposed to a "fair other" and subsequently have the opportunity to engage in a
range of social behaviors. These social behaviors include cooperative or
competitive economic choices and nice or derogatory verbal behavior toward the
unfair and fair other. Participants could thus engage in punishment or
forgiveness behavior toward the unfair other as well as in cooperative or
aggressive behavior toward the fair other. We validated the IG through multimodal
measures comprising the assessment of personality traits, emotions (by means of
facial expressions and self-reports), arousal (by means of skin conductance
responses), physical effort (force exertion), and behavioral reactions. Second,
we examined the influence of emotions and empathy-related traits on punishment
behavior. With regard to emotions, we observed a positive relation between
malicious joy and punishment behavior. This result highlights the role of
reward-related mechanisms in favoring punishment behavior. In addition, different
empathic traits had opposing effects on antisocial behavior. Whereas personal
distress predicted aggressive verbal behavior, perspective taking and empathic
concern predicted a reduction in punishment behavior. Empathic traits also
modulated emotional experience and person evaluations, such that perspective
taking was related to more positive affect (less frowning and more smiling) and a
more favorable evaluation of the unfair other. The current data validate the IG,
reveal that malicious joy is positively related to punishment behavior, and show
that different types of empathic traits can have opposing effects on antisocial
behavior as well as on related emotions and person evaluations.