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10.3109/03008207.2015.1045066

http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.3109/03008207.2015.1045066
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C4785798!4785798!26076122
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suck abstract from ncbi


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pmid26076122      Connect+Tissue+Res 2015 ; 56 (4): 272-80
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  • Interactions of signaling proteins, growth factors and other proteins with heparan sulfate: Mechanisms and mysteries #MMPMID26076122
  • Billings PC; Pacifici M
  • Connect Tissue Res 2015[]; 56 (4): 272-80 PMID26076122show ga
  • Heparan sulfate (HS) is a component of cell surface and matrix-associated proteoglycans (HSPGs) that collectively, play crucial roles in many physiologic processes including cell differentiation, organ morphogenesis and cancer. A key function of HS is to bind and interact with signaling proteins, growth factors, plasma proteins, immune-modulators and other factors. In so doing, the HS chains and HSPGs are able to regulate protein distribution, bio-availability and action on target cells and can also serve as cell surface co-receptors, facilitating ligand-receptor interactions. These proteins contain an HS/heparin-binding domain (HBD) that mediates their association and contacts with HS. HBDs are highly diverse in sequence and predicted structure, contain clusters of basic amino acids (Lys, Arg) and possess an overall net positive charge, most often within a consensus Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif. Interestingly, other domains and residues are now known to influence protein-HS interactions, as well as interactions with other glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate. In this review we provide a description and analysis of HBDs in proteins including amphiregulin, fibroblast growth factor family members, heparanase, sclerostin and hedgehog protein family members. We discuss HBD structural and functional features and important roles carried out by other protein domains, and also provide novel conformational insights into the diversity of CW motifs present in Sonic, Indian and Desert hedgehogs. Finally, we review progress in understanding the pathogenesis of a rare pediatric skeletal disorder, Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME), characterized by HS deficiency and cartilage tumor formation. Advances in understanding protein-HS interactions will have broad implications for basic biology and translational medicine as well as for the development of HS-based therapeutics.
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