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10.1186/s12974-016-0520-z http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1186/s12974-016-0520-z C4774188!4774188!26931361     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       J+Neuroinflammation 2016 ; 13 (ä): ä Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=26931361|t=2016. Procyanidins alleviates morphine tolerance by inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia |pdf=|usr=}}{{26931361}} gab.com Text Procyanidins alleviates morphine tolerance by inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia JO: J Neuroinflammation http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26931361 #FOAvip Background: The development of antinociceptive tolerance following repetitive administration of opioid analgesics significantly hinders their clinical use. Evidence has accumulated indicating that microglia within the spinal cord plays a critical role in morphine tolerance. The inhibitor of microglia is effective to attenuate the tolerance; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. Our present study investigated the effects and possible mechanism of a natural product procyanidins in improving morphine tolerance via its specific inhibition on NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in microglia. Methods: CD-1 mice were used for tail-flick test to evaluate the degree of pain. The microglial cell line BV-2 was used to investigate the effects and the mechanism of procyanidins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from BV-2 cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Cell signaling was measured by western blot assay and immunofluorescence assay. Results: Co-administration of procyanidins with morphine potentiated its antinociception effect and attenuated the development of acute and chronic morphine tolerance. Procyanidins also inhibited morphine-induced increase of interleukin-1? and activation of NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, procyanidins decreased the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, inhibited the translocation of nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B), and suppressed the level of reactive oxygen species in microglia. Conclusions: Procyanidins suppresses morphine-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory responses in microglia, and thus resulting in significant attenuation of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0520-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Twit Text FOAVip Procyanidins alleviates morphine tolerance by inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia ????J Neuroinflammation http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26931361 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26931361 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|26931361}}</ref> Procyanidins alleviates morphine tolerance by inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia #MMPMID26931361 Cai Y; Kong H; Pan YB; Jiang L; Pan XX; Hu L; Qian YN; Jiang CY; Liu WT J Neuroinflammation 2016[]; 13 (ä): ä PMID26931361show ga Background: The development of antinociceptive tolerance following repetitive administration of opioid analgesics significantly hinders their clinical use. Evidence has accumulated indicating that microglia within the spinal cord plays a critical role in morphine tolerance. The inhibitor of microglia is effective to attenuate the tolerance; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. Our present study investigated the effects and possible mechanism of a natural product procyanidins in improving morphine tolerance via its specific inhibition on NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in microglia. Methods: CD-1 mice were used for tail-flick test to evaluate the degree of pain. The microglial cell line BV-2 was used to investigate the effects and the mechanism of procyanidins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from BV-2 cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Cell signaling was measured by western blot assay and immunofluorescence assay. Results: Co-administration of procyanidins with morphine potentiated its antinociception effect and attenuated the development of acute and chronic morphine tolerance. Procyanidins also inhibited morphine-induced increase of interleukin-1? and activation of NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, procyanidins decreased the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, inhibited the translocation of nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B), and suppressed the level of reactive oxygen species in microglia. Conclusions: Procyanidins suppresses morphine-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory responses in microglia, and thus resulting in significant attenuation of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0520-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. äProcyanidins alleviates morphine tolerance by inhibiting activation of(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing