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Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) and Phosphorylation: Impact on Stability, Localization, and Transactivity #MMPMID26942179
Kietzmann T; Mennerich D; Dimova EY
Front Cell Dev Biol 2016[]; 4 (ä): ä PMID26942179show ga
The hypoxia-inducible factor ?-subunits (HIF?) are key transcription factors in the mammalian response to oxygen deficiency. The HIF? regulation in response to hypoxia occurs primarily on the level of protein stability due to posttranslational hydroxylation and proteasomal degradation. However, HIF ?-subunits also respond to various growth factors, hormones, or cytokines under normoxia indicating involvement of different kinase pathways in their regulation. Because these proteins participate in angiogenesis, glycolysis, programmed cell death, cancer, and ischemia, HIF? regulating kinases are attractive therapeutic targets. Although numerous kinases were reported to regulate HIF? indirectly, direct phosphorylation of HIF? affects HIF? stability, nuclear localization, and transactivity. Herein, we review the role of phosphorylation-dependent HIF? regulation with emphasis on protein stability, subcellular localization, and transactivation.