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2016 ; 10
(ä): 52
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IGF-I: A Key Growth Factor that Regulates Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis from
Embryonic to Adult Stages of the Brain
#MMPMID26941597
Nieto-Estévez V
; Defterali Ç
; Vicario-Abejón C
Front Neurosci
2016[]; 10
(ä): 52
PMID26941597
show ga
The generation of neurons in the adult mammalian brain requires the activation of
quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs). This activation and the sequential steps of
neuron formation from NSCs are regulated by a number of stimuli, which include
growth factors. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exert pleiotropic effects,
regulating multiple cellular processes depending on their concentration, cell
type, and the developmental stage of the animal. Although IGF-I expression is
relatively high in the embryonic brain its levels drop sharply in the adult brain
except in neurogenic regions, i.e., the hippocampus (HP) and the subventricular
zone-olfactory bulb (SVZ-OB). By contrast, the expression of IGF-IR remains
relatively high in the brain irrespective of the age of the animal. Evidence
indicates that IGF-I influences NSC proliferation and differentiation into
neurons and glia as well as neuronal maturation including synapse formation.
Furthermore, recent studies have shown that IGF-I not only promote adult
neurogenesis by regulating NSC number and differentiation but also by influencing
neuronal positioning and migration as described during SVZ-OB neurogenesis. In
this article we will revise and discuss the actions reported for IGF-I signaling
in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models, focusing on the maintenance and
proliferation of NSCs/progenitors, neurogenesis, and neuron integration in
synaptic circuits.