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2013 ; 1
(1
): cot001
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What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and
essential science(?)
#MMPMID27293585
Cooke SJ
; Sack L
; Franklin CE
; Farrell AP
; Beardall J
; Wikelski M
; Chown SL
Conserv Physiol
2013[]; 1
(1
): cot001
PMID27293585
show ga
Globally, ecosystems and their constituent flora and fauna face the localized and
broad-scale influence of human activities. Conservation practitioners and
environmental managers struggle to identify and mitigate threats, reverse species
declines, restore degraded ecosystems, and manage natural resources sustainably.
Scientific research and evidence are increasingly regarded as the foundation for
new regulations, conservation actions, and management interventions. Conservation
biologists and managers have traditionally focused on the characteristics (e.g.
abundance, structure, trends) of populations, species, communities, and
ecosystems, and simple indicators of the responses to environmental perturbations
and other human activities. However, an understanding of the specific mechanisms
underlying conservation problems is becoming increasingly important for
decision-making, in part because physiological tools and knowledge are especially
useful for developing cause-and-effect relationships, and for identifying the
optimal range of habitats and stressor thresholds for different organisms. When
physiological knowledge is incorporated into ecological models, it can improve
predictions of organism responses to environmental change and provide tools to
support management decisions. Without such knowledge, we may be left with simple
associations. 'Conservation physiology' has been defined previously with a focus
on vertebrates, but here we redefine the concept universally, for application to
the diversity of taxa from microbes to plants, to animals, and to natural
resources. We also consider 'physiology' in the broadest possible terms; i.e. how
an organism functions, and any associated mechanisms, from development to
bioenergetics, to environmental interactions, through to fitness. Moreover, we
consider conservation physiology to include a wide range of applications beyond
assisting imperiled populations, and include, for example, the eradication of
invasive species, refinement of resource management strategies to minimize
impacts, and evaluation of restoration plans. This concept of conservation
physiology emphasizes the basis, importance, and ecological relevance of
physiological diversity at a variety of scales. Real advances in conservation and
resource management require integration and inter-disciplinarity. Conservation
physiology and its suite of tools and concepts is a key part of the evidence base
needed to address pressing environmental challenges.