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2011 ; 55
(9
): 1016-36
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Exposure and emissions monitoring during carbon nanofiber production--Part I:
elemental carbon and iron-soot aerosols
#MMPMID21965464
Birch ME
; Ku BK
; Evans DE
; Ruda-Eberenz TA
Ann Occup Hyg
2011[Nov]; 55
(9
): 1016-36
PMID21965464
show ga
Production of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes (CNFs/CNTs) and their composite
products is increasing globally. High volume production may increase the exposure
risks for workers who handle these materials. Though health effects data for
CNFs/CNTs are limited, some studies raise serious health concerns. Given the
uncertainty about their potential hazards, there is an immediate need for
toxicity data and field studies to assess exposure to CNFs/CNTs. An extensive
study was conducted at a facility that manufactures and processes CNFs. Filter,
sorbent, cascade impactor, bulk, and microscopy samples, combined with
direct-reading instruments, provided complementary information on air
contaminants. Samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon
(EC), metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with EC as a measure
of CNFs. Transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy also was applied. Fine/ultrafine iron-rich soot, PAHs, and carbon
monoxide were production byproducts. Direct-reading instrument results were
reported previously [Evans DE et al. (Aerosol monitoring during carbon nanofiber
production: mobile direct-reading sampling. Ann Occup Hyg 2010;54:514-31.)]
Results for time-integrated samples are reported as companion papers in this
Issue. OC and EC, metals, and microscopy results are reported here, in Part I,
while results for PAHs are reported in Part II [Birch ME. (Exposure and Emissions
Monitoring during Carbon Nanofiber Production-Part II: Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons. Ann. Occup. Hyg 2011; 55: 1037-47.)]. Respirable EC area
concentrations inside the facility were about 6-68 times higher than outdoors,
while personal breathing zone samples were up to 170 times higher.