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2015 ; 112
(49
): 15060-5
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gab.com Text
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Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of
intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes
#MMPMID26598655
Jacobson MZ
; Delucchi MA
; Cameron MA
; Frew BA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2015[Dec]; 112
(49
): 15060-5
PMID26598655
show ga
This study addresses the greatest concern facing the large-scale integration of
wind, water, and solar (WWS) into a power grid: the high cost of avoiding load
loss caused by WWS variability and uncertainty. It uses a new grid integration
model and finds low-cost, no-load-loss, nonunique solutions to this problem on
electrification of all US energy sectors (electricity, transportation,
heating/cooling, and industry) while accounting for wind and solar time series
data from a 3D global weather model that simulates extreme events and competition
among wind turbines for available kinetic energy. Solutions are obtained by
prioritizing storage for heat (in soil and water); cold (in ice and water); and
electricity (in phase-change materials, pumped hydro, hydropower, and hydrogen),
and using demand response. No natural gas, biofuels, nuclear power, or stationary
batteries are needed. The resulting 2050-2055 US electricity social cost for a
full system is much less than for fossil fuels. These results hold for many
conditions, suggesting that low-cost, reliable 100% WWS systems should work many
places worldwide.