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2015 ; 10
(11
): e0140341
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Bone-Eating Worms Spread: Insights into Shallow-Water Osedax (Annelida,
Siboglinidae) from Antarctic, Subantarctic, and Mediterranean Waters
#MMPMID26581105
Taboada S
; Riesgo A
; Bas M
; Arnedo MA
; Cristobo J
; Rouse GW
; Avila C
PLoS One
2015[]; 10
(11
): e0140341
PMID26581105
show ga
Osedax, commonly known as bone-eating worms, are unusual marine annelids
belonging to Siboglinidae and represent a remarkable example of evolutionary
adaptation to a specialized habitat, namely sunken vertebrate bones. Usually,
females of these animals live anchored inside bone owing to a ramified root
system from an ovisac, and obtain nutrition via symbiosis with Oceanospirillales
gamma-proteobacteria. Since their discovery, 26 Osedax operational taxonomic
units (OTUs) have been reported from a wide bathymetric range in the Pacific, the
North Atlantic, and the Southern Ocean. Using experimentally deployed and
naturally occurring bones we report here the presence of Osedax deceptionensis at
very shallow-waters in Deception Island (type locality; Antarctica) and at
moderate depths near South Georgia Island (Subantarctic). We present molecular
evidence in a new phylogenetic analysis based on five concatenated genes (28S
rDNA, Histone H3, 18S rDNA, 16S rDNA, and cytochrome c oxidase I-COI-), using
Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference, supporting the placement of O.
deceptionensis as a separate lineage (Clade VI) although its position still
remains uncertain. This phylogenetic analysis includes a new unnamed species (O.
'mediterranea') recently discovered in the shallow-water Mediterranean Sea
belonging to Osedax Clade I. A timeframe of the diversification of Osedax
inferred using a Bayesian framework further suggests that Osedax diverged from
other siboglinids during the Middle Cretaceous (ca. 108 Ma) and also indicates
that the most recent common ancestor of Osedax extant lineages dates to the Late
Cretaceous (ca. 74.8 Ma) concomitantly with large marine reptiles and teleost
fishes. We also provide a phylogenetic framework that assigns newly-sequenced
Osedax endosymbionts of O. deceptionensis and O. 'mediterranea' to ribospecies
Rs1. Molecular analysis for O. deceptionensis also includes a COI-based haplotype
network indicating that individuals from Deception Island and the South Georgia
Island (ca. 1,600 km apart) are clearly the same species, confirming the
well-developed dispersal capabilities reported in other congeneric taxa. In
addition, we include a complete description of living features and morphological
characters (including scanning and transmission electron microscopy) of O.
deceptionensis, a species originally described from a single mature female, and
compare it to information available for other congeneric OTUs.