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2015 ; 6
(ä): 20
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Molecular and immunologic markers of kidney cancer-potential applications in
predictive, preventive and personalized medicine
#MMPMID26500709
Mickley A
; Kovaleva O
; Kzhyshkowska J
; Gratchev A
EPMA J
2015[]; 6
(ä): 20
PMID26500709
show ga
Kidney cancer is one of the deadliest malignancies due to frequent late diagnosis
(33 % or renal cell carcinoma are metastatic at diagnosis) and poor treatment
options. There are two major subtypes of kidney cancer: renal cell carcinoma
(RCC) and renal pelvis carcinoma. The risk factors for RCC, accounting for more
than 90 % of all kidney cancers, are smoking, obesity, hypertension, misuse of
pain medication, and some genetic diseases. The most common molecular markers of
kidney cancer include mutations and epigenetic inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau
(VHL) gene, genes of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, and
carbonic anhydrase IX (CIAX). The role of epigenetic pathways, including DNA
methylation and chromatin structure remodeling, was also demonstrated.
Immunologic properties of RCC enable this type of tumor to escape immune response
effectively. An important role in this process is played by tumor-associated
macrophages that demonstrate mixed M1/M2 phenotype. In this review, we discuss
molecular and cellular aspects for RCC development and current state of knowledge
allowing personalized approaches for diagnostics and prognostic prediction of
this disease. A set of macrophage markers is suggested for the analysis of the
association of macrophage phenotype and disease prognosis.