Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=26539158
&cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 215
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 247.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 247.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 247.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Warning: imagejpeg(C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\phplern\26539158
.jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117 Front+Neurol
2015 ; 6
(ä): 221
Nephropedia Template TP
gab.com Text
Twit Text FOAVip
Twit Text #
English Wikipedia
The Complexity of Biomechanics Causing Primary Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain
Injury: A Review of Potential Mechanisms
#MMPMID26539158
Courtney A
; Courtney M
Front Neurol
2015[]; 6
(ä): 221
PMID26539158
show ga
Primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a prevalent battlefield
injury in recent conflicts, yet biomechanical mechanisms of bTBI remain unclear.
Elucidating specific biomechanical mechanisms is essential to developing animal
models for testing candidate therapies and for improving protective equipment.
Three hypothetical mechanisms of primary bTBI have received the most attention.
Because translational and rotational head accelerations are primary contributors
to TBI from non-penetrating blunt force head trauma, the acceleration hypothesis
suggests that blast-induced head accelerations may cause bTBI. The hypothesis of
direct cranial transmission suggests that a pressure transient traverses the
skull into the brain and directly injures brain tissue. The thoracic hypothesis
of bTBI suggests that some combination of a pressure transient reaching the brain
via the thorax and a vagally mediated reflex result in bTBI. These three
mechanisms may not be mutually exclusive, and quantifying exposure thresholds
(for blasts of a given duration) is essential for determining which mechanisms
may be contributing for a level of blast exposure. Progress has been hindered by
experimental designs, which do not effectively expose animal models to a single
mechanism and by over-reliance on poorly validated computational models. The path
forward should be predictive validation of computational models by quantitative
confirmation with blast experiments in animal models, human cadavers, and
biofidelic human surrogates over a range of relevant blast magnitudes and
durations coupled with experimental designs, which isolate a single injury
mechanism.