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2014 ; 93
(5
): 186-193
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Histoplasma capsulatum endocarditis: multicenter case series with review of
current diagnostic techniques and treatment
#MMPMID25181311
Riddell J 4th
; Kauffman CA
; Smith JA
; Assi M
; Blue S
; Buitrago MI
; Deresinski S
; Wright PW
; Drevets DA
; Norris SA
; Vikram HR
; Carson PJ
; Vergidis P
; Carpenter J
; Seidenfeld SM
; Wheat LJ
Medicine (Baltimore)
2014[Jul]; 93
(5
): 186-193
PMID25181311
show ga
Infective endocarditis is an uncommon manifestation of infection with Histoplasma
capsulatum. The diagnosis is frequently missed, and outcomes historically have
been poor. We present 14 cases of Histoplasma endocarditis seen in the last
decade at medical centers throughout the United States. All patients were men,
and 10 of the 14 had an infected prosthetic aortic valve. One patient had an
infected left atrial myxoma. Symptoms were present a median of 7 weeks before the
diagnosis was established. Blood cultures yielded H. capsulatum in only 6 (43%)
patients. Histoplasma antigen was present in urine and/or serum in all but 3 of
the patients and provided the first clue to the diagnosis of histoplasmosis for
several patients. Antibody testing was positive for H. capsulatum in 6 of 8
patients in whom the test was performed. Eleven patients underwent surgery for
valve replacement or myxoma removal. Large, friable vegetations were noted at
surgery in most patients, confirming the preoperative transesophageal
echocardiography findings. Histopathologic examination of valve tissue and the
myxoma revealed granulomatous inflammation and large numbers of organisms in most
specimens. Four of the excised valves and the atrial myxoma showed a mixture of
both yeast and hyphal forms on histopathology. A lipid formulation of
amphotericin B, administered for a median of 29 days, was the initial therapy in
11 of the 14 patients. This was followed by oral itraconazole therapy, in all but
2 patients. The length of itraconazole suppressive therapy ranged from 11 months
to lifelong administration. Three patients (21%) died within 3 months of the date
of diagnosis. All 3 deaths were in patients who had received either no or minimal
(1 day and 1 week) amphotericin B.