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2015 ; 6
(18
): 15842-56
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p53 directly activates cystatin D/CST5 to mediate mesenchymal-epithelial
transition: a possible link to tumor suppression by vitamin D3
#MMPMID26158294
Hünten S
; Hermeking H
Oncotarget
2015[Jun]; 6
(18
): 15842-56
PMID26158294
show ga
Cystatin D (CST5) encodes an inhibitor of cysteine proteases of the cathepsin
family and is directly induced by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Interestingly,
vitamin D3 exerts tumor suppressive effects in a variety of tumor types. In
colorectal cancer (CRC) cells CST5 was shown to mediate mesenchymal-epithelial
transition (MET). Interestingly, vitamin D3 was shown to exert tumor suppressive
effects in a variety of tumor types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). We
recently performed an integrated genomic and proteomic screen to identify targets
of the p53 tumor suppressor in CRC cells. Thereby, we identified CST5 as a
putative p53 target gene. Here, we validated and characterized CST5 as a direct
p53 target gene. After activation of a conditional p53 allele, CST5 was
upregulated on mRNA and protein levels. Treatment with nutlin-3a or etoposide
induced CST5 in a p53-dependent manner. These regulations were direct, since
ectopic and endogenous p53 occupied a conserved binding site in the CST5 promoter
region. In addition, treatment with calcitriol, the active vitamin D3 metabolite,
and simultaneous activation of p53 resulted in enhanced CST5 induction and
increased repression of SNAIL, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
inducing transcription factor. Furthermore, CST5 inactivation decreased
p53-induced mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) as evidenced by decreased
inhibition of SNAIL and of migration by p53. Furthermore, CST5 expression was
directly repressed by SNAIL. In summary, these results imply CST5 as an important
mediator of tumor suppression by p53 in colorectal cancer. In addition, they
suggest that a combined treatment activating p53 and the vitamin D3 pathway may
function via induction of CST5.