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2015 ; 3
(3
): 597-619
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Cancer Dormancy: A Regulatory Role for Endogenous Immunity in Establishing and
Maintaining the Tumor Dormant State
#MMPMID26350597
Baxevanis CN
; Perez SA
Vaccines (Basel)
2015[Jul]; 3
(3
): 597-619
PMID26350597
show ga
The significant contribution of host immunity in early tumorigenesis has been
recently recognized as a result of our better understanding of the molecular
pathways regulating tumor cell biology and tumor-lymphocyte interactions.
Emerging evidence suggests that disseminated dormant tumor cells derived from
primary tumors before or after immune surveillance, are responsible for
subsequent metastases. Recent trends from the field of onco-immunology suggest
that efficiently stimulating endogenous anticancer immunity is a prerequisite for
the successful outcome of conventional cancer therapies. Harnessing the immune
system to achieve clinical efficacy is realistic in the context of conventional
therapies resulting in immunogenic cell death and/or immunostimulatory side
effects. Targeted therapies designed to target oncogenic pathways in tumor cells
can also positively regulate the endogenous immune response and tumor
microenvironment. Identification of T cell inhibitory signals has prompted the
development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which specifically hinder immune
effector inhibition, reinvigorating and potentially expanding the preexisting
anticancer immune response. This anticancer immunity can be amplified in the
setting of immunotherapies, mostly in the form of vaccines, which boost naturally
occurring T cell clones specifically recognizing tumor antigens. Thus, a
promising anticancer therapy will aim to activate patients' naturally occurring
anticancer immunity either to eliminate residual tumor cells or to prolong
dormancy in disseminated tumor cells. Such an endogenous anticancer immunity
plays a significant role for controlling the balance between dormant tumor cells
and tumor escape, and restraining metastases. In this review, we mean to suggest
that anticancer therapies aiming to stimulate the endogenous antitumor responses
provide the concept of the therapeutic management of cancer.
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