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2015 ; 7
(9
): 539-43
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Adrenal G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 in regulation of sympathetic nervous
system activity in heart failure
#MMPMID26413230
McCrink KA
; Brill A
; Lymperopoulos A
World J Cardiol
2015[Sep]; 7
(9
): 539-43
PMID26413230
show ga
Heart failure (HF), the number one cause of death in the western world, is caused
by the insufficient performance of the heart leading to tissue underperfusion in
response to an injury or insult. It comprises complex interactions between
important neurohormonal mechanisms that try but ultimately fail to sustain
cardiac output. The most prominent such mechanism is the sympathetic (adrenergic)
nervous system (SNS), whose activity and outflow are greatly elevated in HF. SNS
hyperactivity confers significant toxicity to the failing heart and markedly
increases HF morbidity and mortality via excessive activation of adrenergic
receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors. Thus, ligand binding induces
their coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins that transduce intracellular signals.
G protein signaling is turned-off by the agonist-bound receptor phosphorylation
courtesy of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), followed by ?arrestin
binding, which prevents the GRK-phosphorylated receptor from further interaction
with the G proteins and simultaneously leads it inside the cell (receptor
sequestration). Recent evidence indicates that adrenal GRK2 and ?arrestins can
regulate adrenal catecholamine secretion, thereby modulating SNS activity in HF.
The present review gives an account of all these studies on adrenal GRKs and
?arrestins in HF and discusses the exciting new therapeutic possibilities for
chronic HF offered by targeting these proteins pharmacologically.