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2015 ; 10
(9
): 1489-97
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Development of Small-Molecule Cryptochrome Stabilizer Derivatives as Modulators
of the Circadian Clock
#MMPMID26174033
Lee JW
; Hirota T
; Kumar A
; Kim NJ
; Irle S
; Kay SA
ChemMedChem
2015[Sep]; 10
(9
): 1489-97
PMID26174033
show ga
Small-molecule probes have been playing prominent roles in furthering our
understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the circadian clock. We
previously discovered a carbazole derivative, KL001
(N-(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)methanesulfonamide),
as a stabilizer of the clock protein cryptochrome (CRY). Herein we describe an
extensive structure-activity relationship analysis of KL001 derivatives leading
to the development of a highly active derivative:
2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-N-(2-chloro-6-cyanophenyl)acetamide (KL044). Subsequent
3D-QSAR analysis identified critical features of KL001 derivatives and provided a
molecular-level understanding of their interaction with CRY. The electron-rich
carbazole, amide/hydroxy linker, sulfonyl group, and electron-withdrawing nitrile
moieties contribute to greater biological activity. The hydrogen bonding
interactions with Ser394 and His357 as well as stronger CH-? interactions with
Trp290 make KL044 a better binder than KL001. KL044 lengthened the circadian
period, repressed Per2 activity, and stabilized CRY in reporter assays with
roughly tenfold higher potency than KL001. Altogether, KL044 is a powerful
chemical tool to control the function of the circadian clock through its action
on CRY.