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2015 ; 10
(9
): e0136456
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gab.com Text
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Hunting, Exotic Carnivores, and Habitat Loss: Anthropogenic Effects on a Native
Carnivore Community, Madagascar
#MMPMID26375991
Farris ZJ
; Golden CD
; Karpanty S
; Murphy A
; Stauffer D
; Ratelolahy F
; Andrianjakarivelo V
; Holmes CM
; Kelly MJ
PLoS One
2015[]; 10
(9
): e0136456
PMID26375991
show ga
The wide-ranging, cumulative, negative effects of anthropogenic disturbance,
including habitat degradation, exotic species, and hunting, on native wildlife
has been well documented across a range of habitats worldwide with carnivores
potentially being the most vulnerable due to their more extinction prone
characteristics. Investigating the effects of anthropogenic pressures on
sympatric carnivores is needed to improve our ability to develop targeted,
effective management plans for carnivore conservation worldwide. Utilizing
photographic, line-transect, and habitat sampling, as well as landscape analyses
and village-based bushmeat hunting surveys, we provide the first investigation of
how multiple forms of habitat degradation (fragmentation, exotic carnivores,
human encroachment, and hunting) affect carnivore occupancy across Madagascar's
largest protected area: the Masoala-Makira landscape. We found that as
degradation increased, native carnivore occupancy and encounter rates decreased
while exotic carnivore occupancy and encounter rates increased. Feral cats (Felis
species) and domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) had higher occupancy than half of
the native carnivore species across Madagascar's largest protected landscape.
Bird and small mammal encounter rates were negatively associated with exotic
carnivore occupancy, but positively associated with the occupancy of four native
carnivore species. Spotted fanaloka (Fossa fossana) occupancy was constrained by
the presence of exotic feral cats and exotic small Indian civet (Viverricula
indica). Hunting was intense across the four study sites where hunting was
studied, with the highest rates for the small Indian civet (mean=90 individuals
consumed/year), the ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) (mean=58
consumed/year), and the fosa (Cryptoprocta ferox) (mean=31 consumed/year). Our
modeling results suggest hunters target intact forest where carnivore occupancy,
abundance, and species richness, are highest. These various anthropogenic
pressures and their effects on carnivore populations, especially increases in
exotic carnivores and hunting, have wide-ranging, global implications and demand
effective management plans to target the influx of exotic carnivores and
unsustainable hunting that is affecting carnivore populations across Madagascar
and worldwide.