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Warfarin blocks Gas6-mediated Axl activation required for pancreatic cancer epithelial plasticity and metastasis #MMPMID26206560
Kirane A; Ludwig KF; Sorrelle N; Haaland G; Sandal T; Ranaweera R; Toombs JE; Wang M; Dineen SP; Micklem D; Dellinger MT; Lorens JB; Brekken RA
Cancer Res 2015[Sep]; 75 (18): 3699-705 PMID26206560show ga
Repurposing ?old? drugs can facilitate rapid clinical translation but necessitates novel mechanistic insight. Warfarin, a vitamin K ?antagonist? used clinically for the prevention of thrombosis for over 50 years, has been shown to have anti-cancer effects. We hypothesized that the molecular mechanism underlying its anti-tumor activity is unrelated to its effect on coagulation, but is due to inhibition of the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase on tumor cells. Activation of Axl by its ligand Gas6, a vitamin K-dependent protein, is inhibited at doses of warfarin that do not affect coagulation. Here we show that inhibiting Gas6-dependent Axl activation with low dose warfarin or with other tumor-specific Axl targeting agents, blocks the progression and spread of pancreatic cancer. Warfarin also inhibited Axl-dependent tumor cell migration, invasiveness and proliferation while increasing apoptosis and sensitivity to chemotherapy. We conclude that Gas6-induced Axl signaling is a critical driver of pancreatic cancer progression and its inhibition with low dose warfarin or other Axl targeting agents may improve outcome in patients with Axl-expressing tumors.