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10.1242/bio.012179 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1242/bio.012179 C4571096!4571096!26015533     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Biol+Open 2015 ; 4 (7): 760-3 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=26015533|t=2015. Is ?cooling then freezing? a humane way to kill amphibians and reptiles?|pdf=|usr=}}{{26015533}} gab.com Text Is cooling then freezing a humane way to kill amphibians and reptiles JO: Biol Open http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26015533 #FOAvip What is the most humane way to kill amphibians and small reptiles that are used in research? Historically, such animals were often killed by cooling followed by freezing, but this method was outlawed by ethics committees because of concerns that ice-crystals may form in peripheral tissues while the animal is still conscious, putatively causing intense pain. This argument relies on assumptions about the capacity of such animals to feel pain, the thermal thresholds for tissue freezing, the temperature-dependence of nerve-impulse transmission and brain activity, and the magnitude of thermal differentials within the bodies of rapidly-cooling animals. A review of published studies casts doubt on those assumptions, and our laboratory experiments on cane toads (Rhinella marina) show that brain activity declines smoothly during freezing, with no indication of pain perception. Thus, cooling followed by freezing can offer a humane method of killing cane toads, and may be widely applicable to other ectotherms (especially, small species that are rarely active at low body temperatures). More generally, many animal-ethics regulations have little empirical basis, and research on this topic is urgently required in order to reduce animal suffering. Twit Text FOAVip Is cooling then freezing a humane way to kill amphibians and reptiles ????Biol Open http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26015533 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26015533 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|26015533}}</ref> Is ?cooling then freezing? a humane way to kill amphibians and reptiles? #MMPMID26015533 Shine R; Amiel J; Munn AJ; Stewart M; Vyssotski AL; Lesku JA Biol Open 2015[Jul]; 4 (7): 760-3 PMID26015533show ga What is the most humane way to kill amphibians and small reptiles that are used in research? Historically, such animals were often killed by cooling followed by freezing, but this method was outlawed by ethics committees because of concerns that ice-crystals may form in peripheral tissues while the animal is still conscious, putatively causing intense pain. This argument relies on assumptions about the capacity of such animals to feel pain, the thermal thresholds for tissue freezing, the temperature-dependence of nerve-impulse transmission and brain activity, and the magnitude of thermal differentials within the bodies of rapidly-cooling animals. A review of published studies casts doubt on those assumptions, and our laboratory experiments on cane toads (Rhinella marina) show that brain activity declines smoothly during freezing, with no indication of pain perception. Thus, cooling followed by freezing can offer a humane method of killing cane toads, and may be widely applicable to other ectotherms (especially, small species that are rarely active at low body temperatures). More generally, many animal-ethics regulations have little empirical basis, and research on this topic is urgently required in order to reduce animal suffering. äIs ?cooling then freezing? a humane way to kill amphibians and reptile(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing