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2015 ; 10
(9
): e0137800
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Pro-Oxidant Activity of Amine-Pyridine-Based Iron Complexes Efficiently Kills
Cancer and Cancer Stem-Like Cells
#MMPMID26368127
González-Bártulos M
; Aceves-Luquero C
; Qualai J
; Cussó O
; Martínez MA
; Fernández de Mattos S
; Menéndez JA
; Villalonga P
; Costas M
; Ribas X
; Massaguer A
PLoS One
2015[]; 10
(9
): e0137800
PMID26368127
show ga
Differential redox homeostasis in normal and malignant cells suggests that
pro-oxidant-induced upregulation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) should
selectively target cancer cells without compromising the viability of
untransformed cells. Consequently, a pro-oxidant deviation well-tolerated by
nonmalignant cells might rapidly reach a cell-death threshold in malignant cells
already at a high setpoint of constitutive oxidative stress. To test this
hypothesis, we took advantage of a selected number of amine-pyridine-based Fe(II)
complexes that operate as efficient and robust oxidation catalysts of organic
substrates upon reaction with peroxides. Five of these Fe(II)-complexes and the
corresponding aminopyridine ligands were selected to evaluate their anticancer
properties. We found that the iron complexes failed to display any relevant
activity, while the corresponding ligands exhibited significant antiproliferative
activity. Among the ligands, none of which were hemolytic, compounds 1, 2 and 5
were cytotoxic in the low micromolar range against a panel of molecularly diverse
human cancer cell lines. Importantly, the cytotoxic activity profile of some
compounds remained unaltered in epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT)-induced stable
populations of cancer stem-like cells, which acquired resistance to the
well-known ROS inducer doxorubicin. Compounds 1, 2 and 5 inhibited the
clonogenicity of cancer cells and induced apoptotic cell death accompanied by
caspase 3/7 activation. Flow cytometry analyses indicated that ligands were
strong inducers of oxidative stress, leading to a 7-fold increase in
intracellular ROS levels. ROS induction was associated with their ability to bind
intracellular iron and generate active coordination complexes inside of cells. In
contrast, extracellular complexation of iron inhibited the activity of the
ligands. Iron complexes showed a high proficiency to cleave DNA through
oxidative-dependent mechanisms, suggesting a likely mechanism of cytotoxicity. In
summary, we report that, upon chelation of intracellular iron, the pro-oxidant
activity of amine-pyrimidine-based iron complexes efficiently kills cancer and
cancer stem-like cells, thus providing functional evidence for an efficient
family of redox-directed anti-cancer metallodrugs.